Presented on the Old Mole Variety Hour , January 14, 2019 Once upon a time, when I was a boy in the 1950s and ‘60s, we all took it for granted that every part of the world was in some stage of an unstoppable world historical process called “progress,” or “modernization,” characterized by what we would now call “globalization.” Concretely this meant integration of the world economy under the “the free market”: free trade, open borders and international travel, faster and easier communication, constant technological innovation, equality (at least in theory), and cheaper and universally available consumer goods. It also meant cultural assimilation: that non-Western peoples and cultures would become “civilized”. They would accept Western rationalism, and “primitive” practices and “superstitious” beliefs would gradually fade away. There were some obstacles such as communism, Beatniks and Hippies, unreasonable demands of labor, the Peace movement, and premature dema...